Investigation of Effective Parameters in the Sealing System of Rotating Shaft Packings Based on Operational Conditions

Abstract

This study has investigated the parameters influencing packing-type seals and their design for effective sealing of rotating shafts in mechanical systems. Seals serve as critical components in preventing fluid leakage and ingress of foreign particles, playing a key role in enhancing equipment reliability. The selection of packing materials and structures is influenced by operational parameters such as pressure, temperature, rotational speed, and fluid type (corrosive, abrasive, or neutral). In this research, various packing types, including braided packings, aramid fiber packings, and lantern ring-equipped packings, are analyzed. The use of advanced materials such as graphite, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), and synthetic fibers, known for their high resistance to wear, corrosion, and elevated temperatures, is highlighted as an effective solution in demanding industries such as oil, gas, and petrochemicals. This study presents the relationship between gland pressure as a function of sealing length and the number of sealing rings. The results indicate that modern designs, such as spring-loaded packings and lantern ring-integrated systems, improve sealing performance under harsh conditions by applying controlled initial pressure and lubricant injection. Additionally, composite packings with uniform stress distribution reduce shaft friction and wear. However, challenges such as the need for optimization in high-pressure fluctuation environments and limitations in the industrial application of novel materials remain. This research proposes that future studies focus on developing smart materials, geometric optimization, and incorporating graphene.