Tandem Photocatalysis Protocol for Hydrogen Generation/Olefin Hydrogenation Using Pd-g‑C3N4‑Imine/TiO2 Nanoparticles

Abstract

An unprecedented visible-light-driven photocatalytic system consisting of Pd nanoparticles stabilized on g-C3N4- imine-functionalized TiO2 nanoparticles was discovered for photoassisted hydrogen generation followed by olefin hydrogenation under mild conditions. The structural integrity of the assynthesized photocatalyst was corroborated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, ultraviolet-diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, Brunauer−Emmett−Teller measurements, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Transmission electron microscopy and high-resolution scanning electron microscopy revealed the nanoscopic nature of the catalyst. The photocatalyst promoted several different transformations in a onepot reaction sequence: hydrogen evolution through photocatalytic acceptorless formation of benzimidazoles as important therapeutic agents followed by visible-light-driven photocatalytic reduction of olefins with a high hydrogen utilization efficiency of up to 92% under mild conditions. A significant volume of H2 was produced under blue light-emitting diode (LED) irradiation during the selective formation of benzimidazole, while the selectivity reduced significantly under a Xe lamp or in the dark. The in situgenerated H2 could be activated by the as-prepared Pd-C3N4-imine/TiO2 photocatalyst to effectively hydrogenate olefins under mild conditions at appropriate time exposed to blue LED irradiation. The light-dependent photocatalytic performance of the title catalyst was assessed using action spectra by calculating the apparent quantum efficiency (AQE), which exhibited the maximum AQEs at 410 and 550 nm, at which the highest performance for styrene hydrogenation was obtained. The improved photoredox activity of the title nanohybrid could be caused by the synergistic effects of the heterojunction of carbon nitride-Pd on TiO2 nanoparticles evidenced by photoluminescence spectra and catalytic reactions. The catalyst proved to be air-stable, robust, recyclable, and very active in the absence of any undesirable additives and reducing agents. Thus, this work presents a new protocol for improving the photocatalytic properties of semiconducting materials for various photocatalytic applications under environmentally friendly conditions.