تحلیلی بر مفاهیم موجّهاتی ضرورت و دوام در آثار ابن‌سینا

Abstract

The concept of necessity in Avicenna’s philosophy and logic is a fundamental issue that, due to its logical and ontological complexities, requires meticulous examination. In his works, particularly *Al-Shifa* and *Al-Isharat wa al-Tanbihat*, Avicenna provides various definitions and classifications of necessity, which are linked to the perspectives of Aristotle and Al-Farabi but include innovative distinctions. This study aims to analyze the concept of necessity in Avicenna’s thought by exploring its types and distinctions across his works. The research methodology is based on a textual analysis of Avicenna’s texts, including *Al-Shifa*, *Al-Isharat*, and other works, alongside comparisons with the interpretations of commentators and contemporary analyses by scholars such as Rescher, Hodges, Paul Thom, Chatti, and others. The significance of this study lies in clarifying the subtle distinctions between necessity and permanence and resolving interpretive ambiguities in Avicenna’s modal logic. The findings indicate that in the *Al-Ibara* section of *Al-Shifa*, Avicenna associates necessity with permanence, but in the *Al-Qiyas* section of the same work and in *Al-Isharat wa al-Tanbihat*, he distinguishes between permanence and necessity. A purely temporal interpretation of necessity is inadequate, as necessity in Avicenna’s framework encompasses existential and logical dimensions beyond permanence. This study proposes a revision of the formulations of necessity to align with Avicenna’s intellectual system. Additionally, based on second-order logic, alternative formulations for distributed and temporal necessity are suggested.