Extraction and determination of Amoxicillin antibiotic drugs in biological samples using electromembrane extraction based on agarose gel

Abstract

In recent years, the development of fast, accurate, and sensitive methods has become a critical topic of interest. However, despite advancements in this field, precise analytical tools for determining the endpoints of analytes in biological, environmental, and pharmaceutical samples are often unavailable. This limitation is particularly notable before sampling for the extraction, separation, and pre-concentration of analytes in complex matrices, as most analytical tools cannot directly handle such matrices [1]. Therefore, a sample preparation step is typically required. One of the commonly used sample preparation methods is extraction. In this study, the electro-membrane micro-extraction (EME) method was proposed for the measurement and concentration of Amoxicillin in real samples. During the extraction process, the electrode reaction takes place directly in the solution, and variables such as EME (solution volume, extraction time, and electrical current) and electrolyte concentration are influenced by pH values [2]. Variations in pH are especially significant for the acceptor solutions, as their volume is smaller compared to donor solutions. In this method, the membrane was prepared using agarose, polyacrylamide, and acetic acid. The results demonstrated the success of this method. The optimal conditions for the concentration step were determined as follows: 1% agarose (w/v), 3% polyacrylamide (w/v), 0.15% acetic acid (v/v), donor and acceptor phase pH values of 3 and 9, respectively, an applied voltage of 60 V, and an extraction time of 40 minutes. The drug extraction process using the proposed method was conducted under optimal conditions. Additionally, the precision of the method was evaluated under these conditions with three repetitions in one day, yielding a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 2.10%. The method exhibited linearity in the range of 0.1–7.5 μg/mL. The limits of detection (LOD) and