Electromembrane Extraction of Nilotinib using Green Agarose-Based Membrane Modified with a Deep Eutectic Solvent of Choline Chloride and Methacrylic Acid

Abstract

A novel and eco-friendly approach is introduced for the quantification of nilotinib in biological samples, employing gel-based electromembrane extraction (G-EME) coupled with fluorescence detection. In this method, a deep eutectic solvent (DES) composed of choline chloride and methacrylic acid (ChCl–MAA) was incorporated into agarose membranes (AG@DESChCl–MAA) to enhance extraction performance. The inclusion of DES significantly improved the conductivity, selectivity, and migration efficiency of nilotinib across the membrane. This system offers several advantages, including simplicity of operation, low cost, portability, and the elimination of toxic organic solvents. The developed method demonstrated good precision, with intra- and inter-day relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 6.5% and 8.6%, respectively. A linear calibration curve was obtained in the concentration range of 0.65 to 10.0 mg·L⁻¹, with a detection limit (LOD) of 0.20 mg·L⁻¹. These results confirm theepotential of the AG@DESChCl–MAA-based G-EME system as a sensitive, green, and costeffective alternative for nilotinib analysis in complex matrices.